Unit 2 Chapter 5

Unit 2-Building National Monarchies

Chapter 5: Growth of Royal Power in England and France

Section 1

1) Identify:
William the Conquerer: The Duke of Normandy, he led the Norman invasion in England, succeeded, and became the ruler of England.
Domesday Book: A collection of all property values in England, this book dictated the amount of tax that a citizen should receive.
Magna Carta: An agreement between the nobles and John, which stated the obligations of the king and the rights of the nobility.
Model Parliament: The first ever parliament created in 1295, called so because it was a model for later parliaments.
Hugh Capet: Originally the Count of Paris, he was elected by feudal lords to be the King of France.
Estates General: An assembly of all the three estates (the clergy, nobility, and townspeople).

2) Define:
exchequer: A central treasury in England, it kept all the tax records.
grand jury: A jury to decide which cases to bring to court.
trial jury: A jury to deliver a verdict on the case.
common law: Standardized legal principles across England, created by court decisions.
limited monarchy: A form of governing in which the monarchy does not have absolute power.

3) How did William keep control over feudal lords in England?
William forced all the barons to swear allegiance to him, and that everybody owed loyalty first to the king. He also created a jury to collect information on property values, which eventually became the Domesday Book.

4) What economic power did Parliament acquire in England?
The Parliament had final say over any tax changes in England.

5) What methods did French kings use to increase their landholdings?
They engaged in warfare with other nations, and also gained land by marriage and diplomacy.

6) Why did Philip IV call the Estates General?
He called the Estates General because he disagreed with the pope over an issue, and wanted to demonstrate that he had the people’s support.

Section 2:The Struggle Between Popes and Emperors

1) Identify:
Holy Roman Empire: Lands ruled by King Otto, Duke of Saxony, and his heirs.
Gregory VII: Originally a monk, he was elected to be a pope in 1073. He was famous for his part in the investiture controversy.
Concordat of Worms: An agreement between the Church and the Holy Roman Empire over investiture, it stated that the Church could choose its bishops and abbots.
Innocent III: One of the most powerful popes ever, Pope Innocent III exercised power over rulers.

2) Define:
Lay investiture: A ceremony in which an emperor invested a bishop several symbolic items.

3) What ties did Otto I have with the Church?
Otto I supported the Church’s work, and was able to appoint bishops and archbishops.

4) Why did Gregory VII excommunicate Emperor Henry IV?
The Pope excommunicated the Emperor due to challenges and differing opinions over lay investiture.

5) What actions by Frederick I threatened the pope?
Frederick I’s invasion of northern Italy and Sicily through marriage threatened to invade the Papal States.

6) Give one example of how Innocent III exercised authority over secular rulers.
Innocent III managed to excommunicate King John, which demonstrated his authority.

Section 3: Strong Monarchies in Spain and Scandinavia

1) Locate:
Cordova: Once the thriving centre of Spain, it is now a medium sized city in southern Spain.
Granada: The last Muslim holding in Spain, it fell to the advancing Christian armies in 1492.
Portugal: A country situated west of Spain, on the East Atlantic coast of Iberia.
Castile: A kingdom in Spain that existed in the Medieval times.
Aragon: Another medieval kingdom in Spain that united with Castile under the rule of Ferdinand and Isabella.

2) Identify:
Ferdinand: King of Aragon, who married Queen Isabella to create the largest kingdom in Spain.
Isabella: Queen of Castille, who later married the heir to the Kingdom of Aragon.
Margrete: Queen of Denmark, she was most famous for uniting Denmark, Norway, and Sweden peacefully, and elected by nobles to be the ruler of Norway and Sweden.

3) Define:
reconquista: The reconquest of Spain led by Ferdinand and Isabella, which ousted the Muslims from the Iberian peninsula.

4) What attitude did Muslims in Spain take toward Jewish communities?
The Muslims were tolerant towards the Jewish, which enabled the Jewish communities to flourish without fear of religious discrimination.

5) How did the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella help unify Spain?
The marriage unified the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile, effectively creating the largest kingdom in Spain. After that, the unified kingdom led the reconquista, which brought more Spanish land under their control.

6) What led to frequent warfare among Scandinavian nations?
Trade and boundary disputes led to dispute among the Scandinavians.

Section 4: Decline of Medieval Society

1) Locate:
Avignon: A city in France, it used to be the residence of French Popes.
Aquitaine: Led by Eleanor of Aquitaine, it was under English control after the marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry II. It was taken back by the French in the Hundred Years’ War.
Crécy: Sight of one of the most important battles in the Hundred Years’ War, many new innovations were brought into the battle field by the English.
Poitiers: Another important battle, the result was again a decisive victory by the English.
Orléans: Site of a battle in the Hundred Years’ War which drove the English back.
Reims: Site of where Charles was declared the King of France in 1492.
Calais: The only remaining English holding after the Hundred Years’ War in mainland Europe (France).

2) Identify:
Black Death: The bubonic plague which once spread through Western Europe in the mid-late 1300’s.
John Wycliffe: A professor of theology at Oxford University, he raised questions about the Church’s authority over spiritual matters/
John Huss: A person who believed there were corruption in the Church, and was eventually accused of heresy and burned at the stake.
Hundred Years’ War: A war between England and France fought between 1337-1453.
Joan of Arc: A peasant girl who was extremely patriotic and led France on the road to victory before she was caught and burned at the stake.

3) Describe one effect of the Black Death in Western Europe.
The Black Death cause an enormous population loss.

4) What led Philip IV of France to kidnap the pope?
Due to a disagreement over whether to tax the clergy or not, Philip IV of France kidnapped the pope and began the Babylonian Captivity.

5) Why did the Church lose prestige and power during the late Middle Ages?
The Great Schism and the Babylonian Captivity scandals caused Church power over rulers to decline, and scarred the prestige of the Church.

6) How did new technology help the English in the Hundred Years’ War?
The new technology enabled the English to battle much more effectively, use new military tactics and to defeat the French comprehensively.

7) List one result of the Hundred Years’ War:
(a) in France: Nationalism was on the rise, due to the actions of Joan of Arc.
(b) in England: The Parliament received many additional rights during the war for authorize new taxes to fund the war.

Chapter 5 Review

Recalling Facts:
Indicate whether the following events occurred in England, France, the Holy Roman Empire, or Spain.
1) King John signed the Magna Carta:
England.
2) Crusading knights fought to expel Muslims:
Spain.
3) Philip IV called the first Estates General:
France.
4) The jury system developed:
England.
5) Rulers clashed with the pope over lay investiture:
Holy Roman Empire.
6) Rulers used the Inquisition to enforce religious unity:
Spain.
7) A strong bureaucracy supported the king’s power:
France.
8) Rulers tried to govern both Germany and Italy.
Holy Roman Empire.

Chapter Checkup:
1) Describe how each of the following affected royal power in England:
(a) the exchequer: This acted as the royal treasury, and with its tax records, increased royal authority in England.
(b) royal courts: These courts established common law, and were popular among the citizens, and increased royal authority.
(c) common law: Generally accepted legal principles laid out by royal court decisions. These principles helped increase royal power, because these principles were connected to the royals, and not to another vassal.
(d) the Magna Carta: A charter that declared the rights and responsibilities of the King and the nobles, this severely limited the King’s royal authority.

2) (a) Why were William the Conqueror’s heirs able to unite England more easily than French rulers were able to unite France?
Although England was still a feudal society, the vassal’s rights were limited, and the king had much more control over his vassals. The French royalty was not able to defend the country against the Viking raids, thus causing vassals to set up their own powerful independent states.
(b) How did French rulers increase royal power?
The French nobles elected a ruler, the Count of Paris. Slowly, the rulers gained land an power by diplomacy, marriage, and war.

3) (a) Why was there conflict between the Church and Holy Roman Emperors in the 1000s and the 1100s?
The conflicts were mainly due to power over the Church the Holy Roman Emperors had.
(b) How did the conflict affect the political developments in Germany and Italy?
The conflicts did not allow time for the rulers to focus on their own national unity, and thus the vassals became more and more powerful.

4) (a) Describe the Church at the height of its power under Innocent III:
The Church was almost all-powerful in spiritual and political affairs, although there were several major problems that were not revealed at the time.
(b) What types of attacks were made on the Church in the 1300s and the 1400s?
The monarchs initiated the Babylonian Captivity, and The Great Schism was another major scandal. People like John Wycliffe and John Huss questioned the Church’s practices.

5) (a) Describe the reconquest of Spain:
Christian forces led by Ferdinand and Isabella managed to force the Muslims out of Spain.
(b) How did the unification of Spain affect Muslim and Jewish residents?
The unification of Spain under Isabella and Ferdinand ended the policy of religious toleration, and the Inquisition forced the Muslims and the Jewish out of Spain. Others, who had converted, were sometimes accused of heresy.

6) (a) How did the Hundred Years’ War affect royal power in France?
The war increased royal authority, due to growing respect for royalty and the freedom to increase taxes, enabling the royalty to establish a standing army and reduce dependence on vassals.
(b) How did it affect royal power in England?
On the other hand, royal authority diminished somewhat in England, due to the new rights the Parliament received in return for passing new taxes. A new civil war started, and during this struggle, the majority of the feudal nobles died. After the war, the Tudor dynasty was created, and although there were very few nobles left, the Tudors still had to answer to Parliament.

For Further Thought
1) (a) How did the relationship between the monarch and the Church differ in England, France, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire?
Each of these countries promoted different policies, and each had different aims.
(b) How would you explain the differences?
Spain enjoyed an excellent relationship with the Church, due to the staunch support of the Church by Isabella. She wanted the Church to be a powerful ally. The Holy Roman Empire had deep connections with the Church, nevertheless, there were many bitter disputes that led to disastrous consequences for one party or both. The Empire wanted to also rule the Papal States in central Italy. England wanted to curtail Church power, and it ended up terribly, with Pope Innocent III excommunicating King John. France wanted to tax the clergy, and then later kidnapped the Pope, and set off the Babylonian Captivity. In that period, the French had much power of the Church, although later on The Great Schism caused great disgrace to the Church.

2) (a) Describe the investiture controversy.
The Holy Roman Emperor could effectively appoint high-level church officials through lay investiture, which was an initiation ceremony. The Church resisted against this power, and banned lay investiture.
(b) Do you think Gregory VII should have forgiven Henry IV and readmitted him to the Church? Explain.
It was the Pope’s obligation to forgive Henry IV, although it would not have been a good ending. Nevertheless, if the Pope chose not to readmit Henry IV, the investiture controversy would not have gone further, and the Pope would not have to go into exile.

3) An English soldier who saw Joan of Arc burned at the stake exclaimed: “We are lost; we have burned a saint.” How did the death of Joan of Arc help the French in the Hundred Years’ War?
Her death, although a humiliating experience, was a great inspiration to all of France. Patriotism skyrocketed upward, and helped turn the tide against England.

4) New technology often affects the outcome of battles.
(a) Explain how this was true during the Hundred Years’ War.
The new technology used by the English helped tremendously in the early success of the English army.
(b) What new technology had affected warfare in the early Middle Ages?
The stirrup also greatly affected warfare.
(c) Do you think the technological developments of the early Middle Ages were more important than those of the late Middle Ages? Explain.
I believe the early developments were more important than the later developments, since the early developments were mostly related to farming techniques and others which could apply to most peasants. Later development generally centered around English warfare, which, although very important, failed to win the Hundred Years’ War.

Developing Basic Skills
1) Study the map on page 90. Then answer the following questions:
(a) What information is shown on the map?
The map showed French and English holdings in France at various stages in the Hundred Years’ War.
(b) What lands did English kings hold in France in 1429?
The English kings held northern and south west France.
(c) How did these holdings change between 1429 and 1453?
The lands were dramatically reduced to just Calais.
(d) How did these changes probably affect royal power in France?
Obviously, the increase of lands greatly increased royal power.
2) Reread the excerpts from the Magna Carta on page 80. Then answer the following questions:
(a) What type of document is it?
A primary document.
(b) What does the document say about the king’s right to tax?
All taxes must first be approved by the common council.
(c)Who met in the “common council”?
Archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, greater barons, other vassals, etc.
(d) What rights does the Magna Carta protect?
The Magna Carta protects the right of the Church to be free from the royalty, the rights of the common council, and the right of fair trial of a free man.
(e) What do you think were the main concerns of the English barons?
The baron’s main concern was probably to make their rights and traditions protected and guaranteed.

3) Make a chart with two columns and five rows. Title the columns Early Middle Ages and Late Middle Ages. Title the rows Government, Law, Warfare, Economy, and Social Classes. Use what you learned about the Middle Ages in Chapters 3, 4, and 5 to complete the chart.

Early Middle Ages
Late Middle Ages
Government
Feudalism with a weak monarchy
Strong monarchy with weak feudal lords
Law
Dictated by local lords
Common law
Warfare
Intranational warfare with the introduction of stirrups
International warfare with new technology
Economy
Trade at bare minimum, economy were peasants farming their lord’s lands, fees and taxes
Trade revival with the Hansetic League, money economy
Social Classes
Feudalism-King, Nobles, Knights, Peasants
Establishment of middle class (merchants, guilds, etc.)

(a) What was the immediate cause of the First Crusade?
Pope Urban II needed knights to satisfy the Byzantine’s request for help.
(b) What were the long-range causes of the Crusades?
To increase the glory and prestige of the Church, and also to unite it.
(c) How did the Crusades reflect the growing strength of medieval Europe?
The Crusades were bravely fought, and it symbolized the rise of Europe in the face of Muslims and Jews. Plus, the stunning success of the first Crusade was astounding.